17.0 Reference list

Adamsky, V. & Smirnov, Y. 1994. ‘Moscow's biggest bomb: the 50-Megaton test of October 1961. Cold War International History Project Bulletin’, Issue 4, fall 1994; p. 3, 19-21.

Allsopp, H.L., Fitch, F.J., Miller, J.A. & Reimold, W.U. 1991. ‘40Ar-39Ar stepheating age determinations relevant to the formation of the Vredefort Dome’. South African Journal of Science 87, pp. 431-442

Allsopp, H.L. & Roddick, J.C. 1984. ‘Rb-Sr and 40Ar–39Ar age determination on phlogopite micas from the pre Lebombo Group, Dokolwayo kimberlite pipe’. Special Publication of Geological Society of South Africa, 13, pp. 267-271

Alvarez, W. & Asaro, F. 1990. ‘An extraterrestrial Impact’. Scientific American, October.

Anders, E. 1965. ‘Diamonds in meteorites’. Scientific American, October

Armstrong, R. & Osborne, L. 2007. ‘The world's oldest caves: How did they survive and what can they tell us?’ Time in Karst Postojna 2007, pp. 133-142

Bangert, B., Stollhofen, H., Lorenz, V. & Armstrong, R. 1999. ‘The geochronology and significance of ash-fall tuffs in the glaciogenic Carboniferous-Permian Dwyka Group of Namibia and South Africa’. Journal of African Earth Sciences vol. 29(1), pp. 33-49

Barnes, V.E. 1961. ‘Tektites’ Scientific American, November

Barringer, B. 1964. ‘Daniel Moreau Barringer (1860-1929) and his crater’ Meteoritics, vol. 2, pp.183-199

Beals, C.S. 1958. ‘Fossil Meteorite Craters’. Scientific American July, 1958.

BOARDMAN, L. 1977. ‘Kalahari Wealth, the story of manganese’ Samancor sponsored. Purnell & Sons, Cape Town. SBN 360 002730

Boon, J.D. & Albritton, C.C. 1936. ‘Meteorite craters and their possible relationship to Cryptovolcanic Structures.’ Field and Laboratory, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-9

Boon, J.D. & Albritton, C.C. 1938. ‘Established and supposed examples of meteoritic craters and structures’. Field and Laboratory, vol. 6, pp 44-56

Bucher, W.H., 1963. ‘Are Cryptovolcanic Structures Due to Meteoritic Impact?’ Nature, March 30. pp. 1241-1245

Carter, N.L. 1965. ‘Basal quartz deformation lamellae - a criterion for recognition of impactites’. American Journal of Science vol. 263 pp 786-806

Cawthorn, R.G. & Walraven, F. 1998. ‘Emplacement and crystallisation time for Bushveld Complex’. Journal of Petrology, vol. 39, issue 9, September 1998, pp 1669-1687 https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.9.1669

Chamber of Mines. 2017. ‘Gold-key facts and figures’. www.chamberofmines.org.za/sa. mining/gold Retrieved 20180614

Charters, A. C. 1960. ‘High-Speed Impacts’. Scientific American, October

Coffin, M.F. & Eldholm, O. 1994. ‘Large Igneous Provinces: crustal structure, dimensions and external consequences’. Reviews of Geophysics, vol. 32, pp.1-36

Courtillot, V.E. 1990. ‘Volcanic Plumes’. Scientific American, October

Cox, K.G. 1992. ‘Karoo igneous activity, and the early stages of the break-up of Gondwanaland’, in: Story, B.C., Alabaster, T. and Pankhurst, R.J. (Eds), ‘Magmatism and the causes of continental breakup’. Geological Society Special Publication, vol.68, pp.137-148

Daly, R.A. 1947. ‘The Vredefort Ring Structure of South Africa’. Journal of Geology, vol. 55, pp. 125-145

Dence, M.R. 1968. ‘Shock zoning at Canadian craters: Petrography and structural impli­cations’. In: Shock metamorphism of natural materials. Edited by French B.M. & Short N.M. Baltimore: Mono Book Corporation. pp. 169-184

Dietz, R.S. 1961a. ‘Vredefort Ring Structure: Meteorite Scar?’. Journal of Geology, vol.69, p499

Dietz, R.S. 1961b. ‘Astroblemes’. Scientific American, August

Dineen, A.A., Fraiser, M.L. & Isbell, J.L. 2013. ‘Palaeoecology and sedimentology of Carboniferous glacial and post-glacial successions in the Paganzo and Río Blanco basins of northwestern Argentina, Sedimentological Impact’. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. vol. 376, pp.109-140, 147

Dirks, P.H.G.M. & Jesma, H.A. 2002. ‘Crust-mantle decoupling and the growth of the Archaean Zimbabwe craton’. Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 34, pp. 157-166 [3] https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362 (02) Retrieved 20180320

Elkins-Tanton, L.T. 2016. ‘Solar System Smashup’. Scientific American, December

Elston, W.E. & Twist, D. 1986. ‘Bushveld Complex, South Africa: is Rooiberg felsite an impactite?’. Lunar and Planetary Institute. NASA 1986 LPI…17.204E

French, B.M. 1990. Absence of shock-metamorphic effects in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, results of an intensive search. Tectonophysics vol.171, pp.1-4 (287) http://sciencedirect.com/journal/techtonphysics/vol/171 Retrieved 20180411

Friese, A.E.W., Charlesworth, E.G. & McCarthy, T.S. 1995. Tectonic processes within the Kaapvaal Craton, Economic Geological Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

Gayre of Gayre R, 1972. ‘The origin of Zimbabwean Civilisation’. Galaxie Press

GIBSON, R.L. & STEVENS, G. 1998. Regional metamorphism due to anorogenic intracratonic magmatism. What drives metamorphism and metamorphic reactions? P.J.O.B. Treloar, P.J. London, Geological Society of London: pp.121-135.

Grieve, R.A.F., Robertson, P.B. & Dence, M.R. 1981. ‘Constraints on the formation of ring impact structures, based on terrestrial data’. In Multi-ring basins, edited by Schultz P.H. and Merrill R. B. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 37-50

Grieve, R. 1990 ‘Impact Cratering on Earth’. Scientific American, April.

Hancox, P.J. & Goetz, A.E. 2014. ‘South Africa’s coalfields-a 2014 perspective’. School of Geosciences. University of Witwatersrand, & Department of Geology, University of Pretoria. https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/58453 Retrieved 20170501

Hargraves, R.B. 1961. ‘Shatter cones in the rocks of the Vredefort Ring, Transvaal’ Geological Society of South Africa, vol. 64, pp147-154

Harmer, R.E. & Armstrong, R.A. 2000. ‘New precise dates on the acid phase of the Bushveld and their implications’. Abstract. Workshop on the Bushveld Complex, 18th-21st November 2000, Burgersfort. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

Hart, R.J. 1992. Earth and Planetary Science Letters vol. 147, pp. 25-30

Henkel, H & Reimold, W.U. 1996. ‘Integrated Gravity and Magnetic Modelling of the Vredefort Impact Structure: Reinterpretation of the Witwatersrand Basin as the Erosional Remnant of an Impact Basin’. Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, 1996-Cratering-89 pages

Horton, D.E., Poulsen, C.J. & Pollard, D. 2010. ‘Influence of high-latitude vegetation feedbacks on late Paleozoic glacial cycles’. Natural Geoscience vol.3 pp. 572-77

Hurley, P.M. 1968. ‘The Confirmation of Continental Drift’. Scientific American, April

Johnson, M.R., van Vuuren, C.J., Hegenberger, W.F., Key, R. & Shoko, U. 1996. ‘Stratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup in southern Africa: an overview’. Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 23, pp. 3-15

Kamo, S.L., Reimold, W.U., Krogh, T.E. & Colliston, W.P. 1996. ‘A 2023 Ma age for the Vredefort impact event and a first report of shock metamorphosed zircons in pseudotachylictic breccias and granophyre’. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 144, pp369-388

Kent, R.W., Storey, M. & Saunders, A.D. 1992. ‘Large igneous provinces: Sites of plume impact or plume incubation?’ Geology. vol. 20, pp. 891-894

Kinnaird, J.A. 2005. ‘The Bushveld Large Igneous Province’. School of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand www.largeigneousprovinces.org/sites/default/files/ BushveldLIP.pdf Viewed 20170501

Lehmann, O. 1959. ‘Look beyond the wind’. Published by Howard Timmins (Hans Merensky biography)

M829A3. 2016. ‘M829A3 Penetration Power’. Google: M829A3 Penetration. Select Below the Turret, 10 Feb 2016 Viewed 20180512

Malik, J. 1985. ‘Hiroshima and Nagasaki yields’. Los Alamos National Laboratories. LA-8819 UC-34 September 1985. www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/ publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasaki Yields.pdf Viewed 20180513

‘MAP STUDIO. 2015. Southern Africa, RoadMap’. 7th Edition, 1:3 500 000 & Zimbabwe Adventure RoadMap, 1st Edition, 1:200 000. www.mapstudio.co.za pdf version available

Marcus, R., Melosh, J. & Collins, G. 2018. ‘Earth impact effects’. www.purdue.edu/ impactearth Viewed 20180412

Martini, J.E.J. 1978. ‘Coesite and stishovite in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa’. Nature vol. 272, pp.715-717

Melosh, H. J. 1989. ‘Impact Cratering: A geological process’. Oxford University Press, New York, New York

Milankovitch, M. 2018. ‘Feature Articles’. - NASA Earth Observatory https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ Features/Milankovitch/milankovitch_2.php Viewed 20180205

Montanez, I.P. & Poulsen, C.J. 2013. ‘The Late Paleozoic Ice Age: An Evolving Paradigm’. Annual review Earth and Planetary Science 2013 vol. 41 pp.629-656, www.annualreview.org

Moorbath, S. 1977. ‘The Oldest Rocks and the Growth of Continents’. Scientific American, March

Nininger, H.H. 1949. ‘Oxidation studies at Barringer Crater’. American Philosophical Society Yearbook pp. 126-133

Oberthuer, T., Davis, D.W., Blenkinsop, T.G. & Hoehndorf, A. 2002. ‘Precise U–Pb mineral ages, Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd systematics for the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe—constraints on crustal evolution and metallogenesis of the Zimbabwe Craton’. Precambrian Research, vol.113, pp.293-306 http://ingentaconnect.com/content/els/ 03019268/2002/00000113/00000003/ art00215. Viewed 20171020

Parkes, CSIRO. ‘Every day hundreds of thousands of meteors crash into the Earth’ www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/people/sar049/eternal_life/asteroid/asteroid.html Viewed 20180210

Pretorius, D.A. 1991.The sources of the Witwatersrand gold and uranium: a continued difference of opinion’. Society of Economic Geology, Monograph vol.8 pp.139-163

Prevec, R. 2011. ‘A structural re-interpretation and revision of the type material of the glossopterid ovuliferous fructification Scutum from South Africa’. Palaeontologia Africana vol. 46, pp. 1-19

Reimold, W.U., Hoffman, M., Hauser, N., Schmitt, R.T., Zaag, P.T. & Mohr-Westerheide, T. 2016. ‘A geological contribution to the discussion about the genesis of impact-related Pseudotachylitic breccias: Studies of PTB in the Otavi and Kudu Quarries of the Vredefort Dome support the “In Situ Formation” hypothesis’. South African Journal of Geology vol.119.3 pp.453-472 doi:10.2113/gssajg.119.3.453

REIMOLD, W.U. & GIBSON, R.L. 1996. Geology and evolution of the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa. Journal African Earth Sciences vol. 23, pp. 125-162

Reimold, W.U. & Koeberl, C. 2014. ‘Impact structures in Africa: a review’ Journal of African Earth Sciences 93 (2014) 57-175

RHODES, R.C. 1975. New evidence for impact origin of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa Geology (October) pp.459-554

Schroeder, C. 2018. University of Stirling. Reported in Cosmos magazine. www.theconversation.com/metal-asteroid-psyche-is-all-set-for-an-early-visit-from-nasa-88044 Viewed 20171212

Scoates, S.J. & Friedman, R.M. 2008. ‘Precise age of the platiniferous Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, by the U-Pb Zircon Chemical Abrasion ID-TIMS Technique’. Economic Geology May 2008; 103 (3) DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.103.3.465

Segev, A. 2002. ‘Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes)’ (PDF) European Geosciences Union. Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series, vol. 2, pp. 171-191. Bibcode: 2002SMSPS...2.171S

Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt, Graphics. ‘Continental Drift maps 540 Ma to 1.6 Ma’

Shand, S.J. 1916. ‘The pseudotachylite of Parijs (OFS) and its relation to ‘Trap-Schotten Gneiss’ and ‘flinty crush-rock’. Quarterly Journal Geological Society of London, vol.72 pp.198-221

Spray, J.G., Kelley, S.P. & Reimold, W.U. 1995. ‘Laser probe 40Ar-39Ar dating of coesite and Stishovite-bearing pseudotachylites and the age of the Vredefort impact event’. Meteoritics vol. v30, pp. 335-343

Spray, J.G., Kelley, S.P. & Rowley, D.B. 1998. ‘Evidence for a late Triassic multiple impact event’ Nature vol. 392 pp.171-173 (12 March 1998) doi:10.1038/32397

Steele, D. 1998. ‘Crater chain points to impact of fragmented comet’. The University of Chicago Chronicle, March 19, 1998 vol. 17, no. 12.

Storey, B.C., Leat P.T. & Ferris, J.K. 2001. ‘The location of mantle plume centres during the initial stages of Gondwana breakup’. Geo. Soc. Of America Special Paper 352, pp.71-80

Storey, B.C. 2004. ‘Links between large igneous provinces and breakup of Gondwana’. Large Igneous province Commission. International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior. www.largeigneousprovinces.org/node/27 Viewed 20180202

Struve, O. 1950. ‘The Great Meteor of 1947’. Scientific American, June

Tackley, P. 2017. ‘Mafic to Felsic’. Geophysicist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. As reported by Shannon Hall in Scientific American, December 2017

Taylor, G. J. 1994. ‘The Scientific Legacy of Apollo’. Scientific American, July

Taylor, P. 2018. ‘The big five mass extinctions’. Credit Natural History Museum, http://cosmosmagazine.com/palaeontology/big-five-extinctions Viewed 20161011

Therriault, A.M., Grieve, R.A.F. & Reimold, W.U. 1996. ‘Original Size of the Vredefort Structure: Implications for geological evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin’. Meteorites & Planetary Science vol. 32, pp. 71-77

Tucker, S.J. 2015. ‘Armageddon Cave’. South African Spelaeological Association vol. 41, pp. 28-47, http://wwwscintilena.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SASABulletinVol-41-2015-final.pdf Viewed 20180320

Turtle, E.P. 2005. In ‘Large Meteorite Impacts III’. Issue 384 Edited by Thomas Kenkmann, Friedrich Horz & Alexander Deutsch

Turton, A. 2012. ‘Going Underground for Water’. Media Club http://www.anthonyturton.com. Retrieved 20120604

Veevers, J.J. 2004. ‘Gondwanaland from 650–500 Ma assembly through 320 Ma merger in Pangaea to 185 Ma breakup: supercontinental tectonics via stratigraphy and radiometric dating’. Earth Science Reviews vol. 68, 1-2, pp.1-132. Elsevier

Veevers, J.J., Cole, D.I. & Cowan, E.J. 1994. ‘Southern Africa: Karoo Basin and Cape Fold Belt’ Memoirs of the Geographic Society of America vol. 184(1), pp. 223-279

Vorster, C.J. 2001a. www.geoscience.org.za/images/Maps/rsadeposits.gif Viewed 20180610

VORSTER, C.J. 2001b www.geoscience.org.za/index.php/publication/downloadable-material Viewed 20180610

Walraven, F. 1987. ‘Textural, geochemical and genetic aspects of the granophyric rocks of the Bushveld Complex’. Memoir 72, Geological Survey South Africa, pp 145

Walraven, F. & Martini, J. 1994, ‘Zircon Pb-evaporation age determinations of the Oak Tree Formation, Chuniespoort Group, Transvaal Sequence: implications for Transvaal-Griqualand West basin correlations’. S. African Journal of Geology, 1995, vol. 98(1), pp.58-67

Wegner, A. 2018 Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt. GFZ German Research Centre for Geoscience. Re: Continental drift. https://phys.org/news/2012-01-flipped-toe-years-continental-drift.html Viewed 20171102

Wetherill, G.W. 1979. ‘Apollo Objects’. Scientific American, March

Whiteside, H.M., Hiemstra, S.A., Glasspool, K.R., Pretorius, D.A. & Antrobus, E.A. 1976. ‘Gold in the Witwatersrand Triad’. Mineral Resources of the Republic of South Africa’. Government Printer. pp. 39-68

Wilson, J., Ferré, E.C. & Lespinasse, P. 2000. ‘Repeated tabular injection of high-level alkaline granites in the eastern Bushveld, South Africa’. Journal of the Geological

WORLD BANK 2018 http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/brief/the-kariba-dam-rehabilitation-project-fact-sheet Viewed 20180610

WYLLIE, P.J. 1975. ‘The Earth’s Mantle’. Scientific American March.

Recommended reading

Meteorite Craters by Kathleen Mark. University of Arizona Press, Tucson

Meteorite Impact!:The Danger from Space and South Africa’s Mega Impact by Wolf Uwe Reimold and Roger L. Gibson. Available from Amazon Books.

For additional photographs and general information:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/16_psyche (Metallic asteroid)

http://en.wikipedia.org/Great Dyke (For good photo)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonite

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/_M829






...Previous

Next...

Contents

Rev 20180907 Copyright (c) 2018 dave (at) howcroft.co.za